1- The major risk factor for development of hepatocellular carcinoma is:?
2- In chronic liver failure,such as cirrhosis,there is a significant impairment of normal ammonia metabolism and eventual hyperammonemia.Elevated ammonia can lead to:?
3- The functional unit of the liver is the:?
4- You operate a laboratory that receives many serum specimens from the Billy Rubin Memorial Liver Clinic next door.The patients who go to this clinic have serious acute and chronic liver diseases.Would you expect to see increased or decreased plasma albumin from the liver patients who go to this clinic??
5- Bilirubin that is attached to albumin before it is transported across the hepatocyte membrane is called:?
6- The type of RNA virus that is considered to be the cause of the most common type of acute hepatitis that does not lead to chronic hepatitis is:?
7- A 53-year-old man notices the whites of his eyes seem a bit yellow,there is swelling in his abdomen,and he is often fatigued.He tells his physician that he enjoys "a few" martinis every night and sometimes more on the weekend.Upon physical examination,the physician notes decreased weight,elevated blood pressure,jaundice,and ascites,and laboratory results indicate decreased albumin,low platelet count,increased prothrombin time,and increased serum liver enzymes with AST activity higher than ALT.All viral hepatitis and cholestasis testing is negative.What is the likely diagnosis??
8- In the liver,ammonia is metabolized to form:?
9- An autoimmune disease caused by an antibody directed toward the mitochondria of biliary epithelial cells that results in hepatic inflammation and portal hypertension is:?
10- The first protein marker to appear approximately 1 to 2 months after infection with the hepatitis B virus and also the last marker to disappear is the:?
11- Which one of the following is not a consequence of portal hypertension in an individual??
12- A new intern calls the laboratory to ask which liver enzymes would be best to assess to differentiate between hepatocellular and cholestatic disease.You respond:?
13- Which type of hepatitis is a leading cause of chronic hepatitis and is caused by a mutating RNA virus??
14- Which one of the following is considered a mechanism by which a membrane-bound enzyme,such as alkaline phosphatase,is released from a hepatocyte into blood??
15- A 30-year-old man sees his physician with complaints of pruritus,fever,and pain around his abdomen and right side that he says "have been there a while but suddenly got really bad." Laboratory results on his blood sample indicate elevated conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin and elevated alkaline phosphatase activity.There are no signs of chronic hepatitis or ascites.Gallstones are ruled out,and the physician notes that a previous diagnosis of ulcerative colitis had been made.What is the likely current diagnosis??
16- Prognosis in cirrhosis is based on a MELD score,which is also used to prioritize cases for liver transplantation.Which of the following laboratory values are used to calculate the MELD score of an individual??
17- Liver disease is classified as either acute or chronic.Acute liver disease takes the general form of either acute hepatitis or:?
18- MATCHING Match the disorder with the correct cause of that condition. Cirrhosis?
19- MATCHING Match the disorder with the correct cause of that condition. Choledocholithiasis?
20- MATCHING Match the disorder with the correct cause of that condition. Cholestasis?
21- MATCHING Match the disorder with the correct cause of that condition. Cholangitis?
22- The most common cause of toxic hepatitis in North America leading to direct damage of hepatocytes is acetaminophen overdose.?
23- Alkaline phosphatase is a soluble enzyme localized in the cytosol of hepatocytes.?
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