1- An individual is brought to the emergency department of a local hospital with signs of narcotic overdose and respiratory depression.What acid-base status would this individual have??
2- A person suspected of having chloride responsive metabolic alkalosis caused by prolonged vomiting would exhibit which one of the following??
3- In regard to respiration,peripheral chemoreceptors located in the carotid arteries and aorta are stimulated by:?
4- An overweight 55-year-old single woman from a rural farming area was brought to the emergency department by her neighbor.The woman had a large abscess on the bottom of her foot; she was irritable and complained of blurred vision and of being thirsty.Her breathing was rapid.The neighbor said that the only medication the woman was using was for blood pressure and sometimes an aspirin.Blood and urine samples were collected.Arterial blood gas results were: pH 7.2; PCO2 47 mm Hg; HCO3 8 mmol/L.Blood glucose was 340 mg/dL and a high anion gap was calculated.Urine glucose and ketones were markedly increased.Based on the laboratory values,what state of acid-base balance is this patient in??
5- An overweight 55-year-old single woman from a rural farming area was brought to the emergency department by her neighbor.The woman had a large abscess on the bottom of her foot; she was irritable and complained of blurred vision and of being thirsty.Her breathing was rapid.The neighbor said that the only medication the woman was using was for blood pressure and sometimes an aspirin.Blood and urine samples were collected.Arterial blood gas results were: pH 7.2; PCO2 47 mm Hg; HCO3 8 mmol/L.Blood glucose was 340 mg/dL and a high anion gap was calculated.Urine glucose and ketones were markedly increased.Based on the laboratory values and symptoms of the woman,what is the most likely cause of her acid-base disorder??
6- Hypernatremia commonly occurs with:?
7- Hypokalemia may be seen in all of the following except:?
8- What is the anion gap given the following serum electrolyte data: Na = 132 mmol/L,Cl- = 90 mmol/L,HCO3- = 22 mmol/L,K = 4 mmol/L??
9- Determine the anion gap given the following serum electrolyte data: Na = 132 mmol/L,Cl = 90 mmol/L,HCO3- = 22 mmol/L,K = 4 mmol/L.Is the anion gap you calculated within the healthy reference interval??
10- Which of the following conditions will cause an increased anion gap??
11- All of the following are causes of hyponatremia with concomitant decreased plasma osmolality and normal volume status except:?
12- Metabolic organic acidoses typically present with an increased anion gap.In contrast to these,inorganic acidosis with a normal anion gap is typically caused by:?
13- An individual visits a physician with the complaint of nausea,mental confusion,and needing an excessive amount of salt all the time.Laboratory results indicate decreased serum sodium and low serum osmolality.Physical examination reveals hypovolemia with low orthostatic blood pressure and tachycardia.A urine sodium analysis was suggested by a laboratorian and urine sodium was found to be increased; the physician diagnoses a salt-losing nephropathy (a renal tubule disease).What type of electrolyte disorder is this??
14- A hospitalized patient in the ICU has cirrhosis.After a period of time,the heart and kidneys begin to fail and the patient develops edema.What type of electrolyte disorder would develop from this situation??
15- How do healthy kidneys compensate for the excess hydrogen ions and concurrent low pH observed in metabolic acidosis??
16- How do healthy lungs compensate for the decrease in pH in a state of metabolic acidosis??
17- Physiologically important buffers maintaining body pH include all of the following except:?
18- At physiological pH of 7.4,which one of the following contributes most to the total serum CO2 (think about the equilibrium of the reaction in the formula)??
19- Hypokalemia (<3.0 mmol/L)is considered a serious health threat because:?
20- The most important buffer of plasma is the _____ system.?
21- The metabolic component of acid-base regulation is the renal system.Which one of the following statements concerning this component is incorrect??
22- Which one of the following hormones is an active regulator of water retention/reabsorption in the kidney??
23- Which one of the following hormones is an active regulator of sodium (and passive controller of water)in the kidney??
24- A 17-year-old woman was brought by her friends to the emergency room in an agitated state.She stated that she had broken up with her boyfriend and he had threatened her.Her temperature was 101° F,and she was breathing rapidly.She claimed that she could not slow her breathing down despite attempts to have her breathe deeply.An arterial blood gas revealed a pH of 7.54,HCO3 of 18 mmol/L,and PCO2 of 28 mm Hg.What is occurring in this patient??
25- MATCHING Match the action of acid-base balance regulation with the correct component of acid-base balance. Hydrogen ions are exchanged for sodium or potassium?
26- MATCHING Match the action of acid-base balance regulation with the correct component of acid-base balance. Hydrogen ions are attached to hemoglobin?
27- MATCHING Match the action of acid-base balance regulation with the correct component of acid-base balance. Can alter blood pH?
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